Concrete and steel construction.



W. 0. PARMLEY. oomnmn AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION. APPLIUATIDN FILED MAR 16, 1907.

Patented Mar. 9, 1915.

WITNESSES: INVENTUR W. M426 1b fiw,u.-

W. G. PARMLBY. CGNCRETE AND STEEL comsmucnom.

APPLIGATION FILED MAR 16, IEIO'L Patented Mar. 9, 1915.

2 BHEETS-SHBET 2.

INVENTOR. M f2 BY 6W W/ 7 NESSES HYC/VWM" A TTORNE Y8.

- blocks in the structure, said WALTER C. PARMLEY, OF MONTCLAIR, NEW JERSEY.

CONCRETE AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 9, 1915.

Application filed March 16, 1907. Serial 1! 0. 362,664.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it lmown that I, WALTER C. Penman, a citizen of the United States, residing at Montclair, in the county of Essex and State of New Jersey, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in Concrete and Steel Construction, of which the following is a full, clear. and exact description, reference being bad to the accompanying drawlhis invention relates to certain improvements in reinforced concrete structures, such as sewers, conduits, water tanks. cisterns and the like, and having reinforcing metal members so situated in the structure that when the mortar of the joints and that embedding the bars or rods has hardened the whole will become a truly reinforced concrete structure with the advantages of strength and economy pertaining thereto.

In the drawings forming a. part of this application, Figure 1 is a transverse view taken vertically through a joint between the upper blocks showing one form of my invention, in which a continuous bar is extended from the ends of the bottom block upwardly about the structure, said bars passing through the extrados at the springing line and through the intrados at the crown, said bars being combined with longitudinal bars which are embedded within the upper joints. Fig. 1 shows a portion of two adjacent blocks being as to accommodate the longitudinal bar in the joint between said blocks. Fig. 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1, the bottom portion being modified in form, and the transverse bars being extended for anchorage into the said bottom portion. In this figure, the transverse bars are shown as being located in the intrados at the springing line and at the crown, but passing through the structure to the extrados at an intermediate portion. The longitudinal bars are shown as placed in the longitudinal joints between the blocks, the upper longitudinal bars being located between the regions of tension in the transverse bars. Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 1, except that the bottom block extends to the springing line, while the upper part of the structure is formed of a continuous block resting upon said bottom block. In this case, anchor bars are molded in said bottom block and project slightly above the same to afford points of slightly modified so attachment for the upper portion of the transverse bar. Longitudinal bars are also shown in the joints between the upper and lower blocks. Fig. 4 shows a structure similar to that of Fig. 1, with the exception that a double set of transverse bars are employed, one section of one of these sets being molded in the bottom blocks and projecting so as to be attached to the remaining bars of said set, and the other set of bars passing through recesses or grooves in the outer face of the blocks. Fig. 4 is a detail view of a form of joint which may be employed between the sections of the transverse bars shown in Fig. 4. section taken through the center of Fig. 4. Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 1 showing an egg-shaped form of structure employing a double set of transverse bars. Fig. 7 is a vertical longitudinal section taken through the center of Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a view similar to Fig. 1, but showing side blocks in which the reinforcing metal extending transversely of the structure is embedded in the blocks, said metal projecting at its ends and having suitable means for connecting the said projecting ends together. Fig. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view taken centrally through Fig. 8. Figs. 10 and 11 are views similar to Figs. 8 and 9, but showing a somewhat modified form of construction. Figs. 12 and 13 represent respectively transverse and longitudinal sectional views of a structure similar to that shown in Fig. 1, the lower side blocks having metal embedded therein and jointed at the upper ends thereof to transverse bars which rest in recesses in the edges of the upper blocks. Fig. 14 is an end view of a block that is provided with means for properly placing and holding the transverse metal bar. Fi s. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 shows some modified forms of transverse 1oints that may be employed between adjacent blocks, said joints being adapted to accommodate the transverse bars and to afi'ord suilicient space for the mortar which embeds the bars.

Reinforced monolithic concrete has reached a considerable degree of development, and while it has advantages in certain cases, in others there are objections from an economic standpoint. Concrete deposited in place requires forms to confine the soft mass while it is hardening and to give the structure the proper form. These often involve a large Fig. 5 is a vertical longitudinal expense in erection, and usually the forms used for a particular piece of work are not suitable for another, and thus become a dead loss. Then, again, with any structure built of soft concrete deposited in place, a considerable time must elapse before the forms can be removed or the structure allowed to take the loads that it is required to carry. Furthermore, in reinforced concrete it is necessary, so far as possible, to maintain the metal skeleton accurately in position, as, otherwise, it will not be so located as to perform the service intended and the resulting structure fails partially or entirely of its intended use. To insure the location of the bars and rods in correct position requires great care and expense, and in many cases in actual work it is not always possible to obtain the accurate results desired on account of the tendency to carelessness on the part of workmen.

Now in order to overcome the above difliculties and to secure other advantages, I make the concrete in the form of blocks which are so shaped as to allow the steel skeleton to be embedded in the finished structure, and, by the form of the concrete block used, to render the incorrect placing of the steel impossible, or to very greatly reduce the liability of its being so misplaced. This usually is accomplished by the peculiar shape of the blocks which are formed with certain coves, rabbeted ends or sides, etc, into which the bars are placed, so that, when the mortar joints are made, the mortar will completely surround the bars and give them the greatest possible adhesion in the mass.

By the use of concrete blocks many advantages are secured, among which may be mentioned the following:

First. The concrete is made in suitable molds under conditions most nearly approximating those lmder which laboratory ex periments argl mlolade, the greatest pm e omogenei an uni ormity of product, this uniformity being far greater than is practically possible with concrete mixed in the field and deposited directly in forms.

Second. More thorough tamping is se cured. It has been shown by experiments that whit-Le, on account laid the dilficultyflof ttmg' oroughl tam concrete in e i i ld, a soft concri ate will give the best results where monolithic concrete is used, on the other hand, laboratory riments show that a comparatively dry mixture, if well tamped, will give superior strength and uniformity. By the concrete into blocks in suitable mods before-hand, the factory conditions can easily be made to equal the thoroughness of mixing and tamping of the laboratory, and thus the highest results are secured.

Third. A minimum thickness and quantity of concrete can be used, because of its homogeneity.

Fourth. A very great saving in forms is efi'ected, and in many cases forms can be dispensed with altogether.

Fifth. A concrete block structure can be built much more rapidly than is possible with monolithic concrete or brick.

Sixth. An earlier application of load is possible, and in some cases full load may be applied immediately.

Seventh. Lightness of structure may be secured where the combination of lightness and strength is required.

Eighth. The embedding of the metal in cement mortar instead of in a granular concrete insures better adhesion of the steel and better protection against rust than is secured in monolithic reinforced concrete.

Ninth. A light flying structure can be made which, in turn. may serve as a support for other parts of the permament member, arch, etc, thus greatly contributing to the lightness and economy of the structure, the rapidity of building and the economy of the forms required.

Tenth. The comparative ease of building structures in ground where, with monolithic concrete, it is diflicult or impossible to secure good results on account of the presence of ground water.

Eleventh. In cases of sewers, conduits, etc, the position of all of the reinforcing metal can always be determined, and, therefore connections may be made by cuttizag through the walls in such a way as to avoi as far as may be, the metal parts, which cannot be done with'monolithic reinforced concrete, and which, in the latter case, results in injury to the structure.

Twelfth. The facility with which a sewer, conduit, etc., can be rendered water tight by coating the blocks both inside and outside with a neat cement finish as a wash, or otherwise, which is not possible with a monolitln'c construction.

Thirteenth. A. material saving is efl'ected in the amount of excavation required for embedded conduits, sewers, etc, as against that required for ordinary constructions.

Fourteenth. More eflicient construction may be made in cold weather than is possib c with monolithic concrete work, as the small quantity of mortar required for the joints can be more easily and certainly protected from the frost than the larger quantity of soft concrete otherwise required.

Fifteenth. Greater accuracy may be secured in building a sewer, conduit, etc, to line and grade, than with any other forms of construction, on account of all parts hein visible to the workman and engineers.

gixteenth. Exposed surfaces can be given a much better appearance by the use of concrete blocks than with monolithic concrete.

For su erficial appearance and architectural e ects monolithic concrete is not suitable, but, on the other hand, great beauty and effect can be secured by properly constructed concrete blocks.

The following detailed description of the structures shown in the drawings will illustrate the manner in which I attain some only of the advantages above set forth. Those mentioned are intended to serve merely as illustrations and are not to be understood as being comprehensive.

In Fig. 1, I have shown a section of a sewer, water conduit or the like which is designed to withstand external pressure principally, although, as will hereinafter appear, it may be readily adapted for internal pressure as well.

The bottom blocks 1 are first laid, said blocks extending upward along the sides of the sewer to a greater or le$ extent, depending upon the conditions of use. It Wlll be understood that these blocks are limited in length, a series of the same being employed, the joints between any two successive blocks being of any desired form. plain butt joint is satisfactor 1n most cases. These bottom blocks form a foundation for the remainder of the structure, which is made of side blocks 2, and of a top block 3. In said Fig. 1, the sides and top are composed of three blocks, although a greater or less number may be employed, if desired. The adjacent edges of the blocks at 4 are formed with a reverse curve, as shown, or with such other shape as will afl'ord a suitable engagement of the blocks. In Fig. 1, I have shown a form of joint in which I provide recesses 5 in the adjacent edges of the blocks, said recesses being adapted to receive mortar, which, when it hardens, firmly binds the blocks together.

In sewer structures that are built in a trench and in which vertical loads exceed the lateral resistance of the back filling, there is a tendency for the structures to spread at the sides and to settle at the crown. In order to prevent such a distort-ion of the structures, I pass a steel rod or bar 6 about the side and top blocks, said bar lying near the intrados at the top and near the extrados at the sides. As stated, this form of sewer is especially adapted for the resistance of external pressure; and when said pressure is distributed symmetrically over the arch, the line of tension within the structure will be in the intrados at the crown and in the extrados at the sides. By locating the bar 6 as shown. said bars are best adapted to withstand this tensional stress, it being understood that concrete is not well adapted for tensional stresses, although it is admirably adapted to withstand compressional stresses The bars 6 are placed in the transverse joints between the blocks 2 and 3, said joints being provided by forming the adjacent ends of the blocks in a manner to receive them.

In Fig. l the notched ends of the blocks '2 and 3 are shown, said notch being of uniform depth throughout, the bar thus being deeply embedded in said notch at the upper and lower part of the structure, but passing almost to the outer edge of the block at the sides. As the bars are placed in this manner, the joints are entirely filled with suitable mortar which, when it hardens, adheres to the bar and to the ends of the blocks and thus firmly binds the structure into a tube.

In order to more securely bind the blocks together in a longitudinal direction, and to better distribute the stresses due to a possible excess of pressure at a particular point, I extend, longitudinally of the structure, bars 10, said bars being placed in the longitudinal joints between the blocks. These bars will be hereinafter referred to as longitudinal bars. Both the transverse and longitudinal bars may be in any desired shape in section, and Fig. 1 indicates flat bars at the lower and upper right hand part of the structure, and a round bar at the upper left hand art thereof.

In rig. 2, I have shown a modified form of structure in which the bottom portion 11 is built of monolithic concrete or masonry, or of any other suitable material, while the remainder of the structure is built of concrete blocks like that heretofore described. A greater number of these blocks is employed in this form than in that shown in ig. 1, owing to the fact that the structure of Fig. 1 is tubular, while that of Fig. 2 is flattened at the base. Short side blocks 12 are therefore employed which extend from the bottom portion 11 upwardly to regions that are substantially at the springing line, and upon the said blocks 12 rest the blocks 13, the structure being completed by a top block 3' similar to that shown in Fig. 1. In this form of structure, the trans verse bars 6 project into the bottom portion 11, being embedded therein, and they extend upwardly about the arch in the joints between the side and upper blocks, said joints bein formed by providing the ends of the bloclis with notches similar to those shown in Figs. 21 to 26 inclusive. As before de scribed, the notches are filled with mortar. in which the transverse bars are embedded. In this case, the transverse bars pass through the intrados at the crown, thence through the walls of the structure to the extrados, and thence again through the structure to the intrados at or near the springing line. Longitudinal bars 10 are also employed in the joints between the blocks in the manner and for the purpose stated in the description of Fig. 1.

In Fig. 3, I have shown a form of tubular arch in which but two blocks are employed, each of said blocks being semi-circular. The lower block 14 has embedded therein, as the block is molded, sections 15 of transverse bars, said sections extending above the upper surface of the block into the transverse joints between the upper blocks 16. The remaining section 17 of the transverse bar is attached to the upwardly rojecting ends of the sections 15, any suitab e joint being employed between these sections of the bars. The transverse bar shown in Fig. 3 is substantially the same shape as that shown in Fig. 1, while longitudinal bars 10 are placed in the longitudinal joints between the blocks.

The forms of construction thus far described, are especially applicable for sustaining external pressures. In the form shown in Fig. 4, the arrangement of the transverse bars is such as to adapt the structure for sustaining both external and internal pressures. In this form, which is further illustrated in Fig. 5, the bottom blocks 18 have molded therein sections 19 of a transverse bar, said sections beingI as shown, located near the intrados, and aving their ends projecting beyond the edges of the block so as to extend into the joints between the side blocks 20. To the extended ends of the sections 19 are secured the ends of the sections 21 of the transverse bars, said two sections 19 and 21 forming a complete ring, which passes throu h the intrados at the top and bottom an through the extrados at the springing line. The transverse bars thus described are adapted to strengthen the construction against external pressure. In Fig. 4, I have shown one form of coupling that is suitable for joining the sections 19 and 21 of the bars. In said coupling the ends of each of the bars 19 are turned at an angle so as to pass through an eye-piece 22 in the lower ends of the sections 21, the ends of the sections 19 being threaded to receive nuts 23, which securely bind the two sections together. In this form of construction, the joints between the bottom blocks 18 break with the joints between the side and top blocks, as shown in Fig. 5, and the structures shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are preferably formed in this way also. I prefer to have these joints break evenly, so that the side blocks will rest for an equal distance upon two adjacent bottom blocks. The sections 19 of the transverse bars are embedded in the bottom blocks in such position that they will be immediately opposite the joints between the side blocks so that the projecting ends of said section will extend into said oints. The section 21 of the transverse bar will therefore be within the transverse joints between the side and top block, and will be embedded in the mortar of the joints. For strengthening this structure against internal pressure, I surround the same with a second set of transverse bars 24, which bars may be continuous or in sections, and embedded in the joints between the lower blocks. Above said lower blocks, the bar lies in grooves 25, which are formed in the outer face of the side and top blocks. As is shown in Fig. 5, different forms of joints may be employed between the bottom blocks, the joints at the center of said figure having notches near the outer portion of the block, while those shown on each side of the figure have the notches in the inner portion of the block.

As has been described in connection with the other forms, longitudinal bars 10 are placed in the longitudinal joints between the blocks. In all of these cases, the longitudinal bars may be simply bound to the transverse bars by the mortar in the joints through which said bars pass, or the bars may in addition be rigidly secured together by bolts, clips, wires or otherwise.

'e in Fig. 5, I have shown but one section 19 embedded in each of the blocks 18, I may use aeater number of said embedded sections i r cases where the pressure is excessive. In such constructions, additional grooves 25 will be employed.

In Figs. 6 and 7, I have shown an eggshaped construction that is formed of bottom blocks '26, side blocks 27 and 28, and a top block 29. Within the transverse joints between the said side and top blocks, I place a double set of transverse bars 30 and 31, each of said bars passing through the intrados at the crown, below which the bar 30 passes continuously through the intrados to the bottom blocks, while the bar 31 passes through the structure to the extrados and thence continuously along the extrados to the said bottom block. The longitudinal joints between the side and top blocks contain londgitudinal bars 10 as hereinbefore describe These bars may extend continuously past a number of the side and end blocks, as is shown in Fig. 5, or they may be short sections of bars laid in the longitudinal joints and crossing the transverse joints, as shown at 10 in Fig. 7. In this construction, the transverse bars 30 and 31 are embedded in the mortar in the transverse joints, and after the said mortar hardens, the bars are bound firmly together thereby and constitute, in effect, a steel member, the same being admirably adapted to withstand the stresses to which the structure may be subjected.

In Figs. 8 and 9 I have shown a tubular structure similar to that of Fig. 4, except that the embedded metal bars 19 of that figure are placed in the side blocks, as shown at 19. The metal projects from the edges of the block, and terminates in a hook or in an eye so as to provide means for attaching the the ends of the embedded bars in the side blocks. After the bar 19 has been thus attached, the recess containing said bar is filled with mortar so as to completely embed the bar therein.

The structure shown in Figs. 10 and 11 is similar to that of Figs. 8 and 9, with the exception that fewer blocks are employed, while the bar 19 in the top block is embedded therein in the same manner as has been described in connection with the side blocks of Fig. 8, said bar being attached to the bars embedded in the side blocks.

Figs. 1:2 and 13 show a structure similar to that of Fig. 4, except that the side blocks below the springin line are provided with metal bars 19, em edded therein and projecting above the upper ed of the blocks. The upper blocks are provi ed with grooves or recesses on their outer surfaces at the ends, in which recesses a metal bar 19 passes from one side of the structure to the other. The bars 19 and 19" are connected together by a suitable form of joint, and the latter bar is then embedded in mortar which fills the recesses containing the bar.

In Fi 14 to 17 inclusive, I have shown forms 0 joints which may be used for the sections of the bars. In Figs. 14 and 15, 19 represents one section of the bar, said section having its end upturned at 19 so as to form a hook. The adjacent section is composed of two parallel bars 19*, said bars havingtheir ends at 19 turned at an a le to form a book. The section 19 exten between the ends of the section 19, and a wedge 19 is forced between the hooked ends of the two sections. By this construction the sections of the bars may be drawn tightly together and held in such position, while the mortar which will embed the bars in the joint will hold all of the parts securely together so that there can be no loosening of the construction. In Figs. 16 and 17 I employ the same section 19 having the upturned hooked ends 19, which is similar to the hook 19 except that it stands at substantially a right angle with the adjacent part of the said section, and is somewhat longer than the book 19". The adjacent section of the bar 19 is fiat and is provided with a slot 19 through which the hooked end 19 may project. The end of the flat bar 19 is also provided with a hook 19, and between the books 19'' and 19 a wedge 19 may be forced, so as to draw the sections of the bar together in the same manner as has been heretofore described.

In such constructions as is shown in Fig. 1, for example, it is very desirable that the transverse bars 6 be accurately placed, in order to most successfully sustain the stresses to which the structure is subjected. As shown in said figure, the blocks have no provision for accurately determining the position of the bar and, as a consequence, said bars may be carelessly placed, which will result in a weakened construction. In Fig. 14 I have shown a special form of block, 2, that is provided with a recess on its outer surface at the end for the reception of the bar 6. In order to definitely locate the position of said bar in the recess, I provide the block with a projecting lug 2" against the outer end of which the bar 6 is adapted to rest. With such a construction the trouble due to careless contractors may be effectually overoome. Instead of casting lugs 2" on the block, other means for positioning the bars may be employed, such for example, as nails or spikes 2 which are caused to project from the edge of the block in proper po sitions for determining the location of the bars.

In the structures hereinbefore described, the water flowing therethrough has a tendency to wear away the bottom blocks. This tendency is particularly marked where the fall in the structure is such as to cause the water to flow with considerable velocity. To prevent this erosion I may place in the bottom of the channel of the structure a metal plate, such a plate being shown at A in Fig. 1. While this late may be of any suitable metal, I pre er to use cast iron, and to attach the same to the inner surface of the bottom blocks. This attachment may be conveniently made by casting lugs or ribs a on the plate, said lugs or ribs preferably extending in a direction substantially normal to the curvature of the plate and being embedded in the concrete of the bottom portion.

Having thus described my invention, I claim:

1. In a. hollow structure, bottom blocks arranged in longitudinal alinement, a series of transverse rows of abutting blocks, the opposite ends of each transverse row resting upon the bottom blocks, the transverse joints between the rows of blocks lying in the same plane and occurring out of alinement with the joint between the bottom blocks, and reinforcing metal embedded in the bottom blocks and extending into the transverse joints between the transverse rows of blocks, and past a plurality of blocks.

2. In a hollow structure, bottom blocks arranged in longitudinal alinement. a series of transverse rows of abutting blocks, the opposite ends of each transverse row resting upon the bottom blocks, grooves formed in the ends of the blocks, the ends of the blocks in each transverse row lying in the same plane and occurring out of alinement with the joints between the bottom blocks, and reinforcing means embedded in bottom blocks and extending into the grooves formed in the ends of the superimposed blocks past a plurality of blocks.

3. In a hollow structure, a longitudinal row of blocks, reinforcing rods embedded 111 said blocks and extending upon opposite sides thereof, a plurality of contiguous transverse rows of blocks, the opposite end blocks of each row resting upon the said longitudinal row of blocks, the said blocks of each transverse row being formed Wlt-h grooves which are in alinement, the transverse rows of blocks being so placed m respect to the longitudinal row of blocks that the grooves lie in the same plane as the embedded rods, reinforcing rods extending through the said grooves, each secured at opposite ends to the pro ecting ends of an embedded rod.

4. In a hollow structure, bottom blocks, side blocks and top blocks, the said top blocks and side blocks being arra Fed as a series of transverse rows, the end b ocks in each transverse row lying in the same plane, the end blocks in each row abutting the bottom blocks, there being grooves formed in the ends of each side and top block, reinforcing metal embedded in the bottom blocks and extending into the said grooves, other reinforcing metal connected therewith and passing thro mid grooves encircling the side and top b ocdgklslglthc'hieingfiming means passing longitu y n grooves in the blocks, and mortar filling said grooves and embedding the metal therein.

5. In a hollow structure, bottom blocks, side blocks and top blocks, metal embedded in the bottom blocks in substantially the same plane with the transverse joints between the top side blocks, the said top and side blocks being provided with grooves or reoemes, other reinforcing metal lying in said grooves or recesses and being connected with the said embedded metal in the bottom blocks, grooves or recesses formed in the external face of the side and top blocks in substantially the same plane with the ends of the bottom blocks and reinforcing metal passing through the joints at the ends of the bottom blocks and lying in the grooves on the external face of the side and top blocks, and mortar filling all of said grooves and joints and embedding the metal therein.

6. In a hollow structure, side and top blocks arranged as a. series of transverse rows, the edges of each row of blocks lying in the same plane, a series of alined bottom blocks breaking with the transverse joints between the adjacent transverse blocks, the transverse rows having their opposite ends abutting against the bottom blocks, reinforcing metal embedded in the bottom blocks and extending on both sides thereof and having its ends projecting into the joints between the-transverse rows of blocks, said ends being bent, other reinforcing metal extending transversely in the joints between the top and side blocks, said latter metal being provided with eyes through which the bent ends of the embedded metal project, and mortar filling the joints between the side and end blocks and embedding the metal therein.

7. In a hollow structure, a plurality of rows of side and top blocks arranged as an arch, a series of bottom blocks with which the opposite edges of the arch coiiperate, the said side and top blocks being provided with recesses, reinforcing metal embedded in the bottom blocks and project' into the recesses formed in the aforesai blocks, other metal extending about the side and top blocks and having projecting ends, the ends of the metal in the to and side blocks being joined to the ends 0 the metal embedded in the bottom blocks, the ends of one of the above mentioned metal being formed with hooks, the ends of the other metal being formed with eyes adapted to be engaged by the said hook, and mortar fillin the said recesses and embedding the meta therein.

8. In a hollow structure, a plurality of bottom blocks, a plurality of side blocks having their longitudinal edges abutting against the longitudinal edges of the bottom blocks, aplurality of top blocks having their opposite longitudinal edges abutting against similar edges of the side blocks whereby an arched structure is formed, reinforcing metal bars embedded in the bottom blocks near the inner surfaces, said bars having their ends projecting beyond said bottom blocks, the side and top blocks having grooves or recesses formed therein in the same transverse plane with the embedded bars, other bars in said grooves or said bars being attached to the bars which are embedded in the bottom blocks, the said other bars passing through the top blocks at the intrados of the arch and through the side blocks in the extrados of the arch at the springi a line, and mortar filling said recesses and em dding the metal therein.

9. In a hollow structure, blocks arranged in abutting transverse rows, a row of blocks extending in longitudinal alinement, reinforcing metal embedded in said row of blocks extending longitudinally, and extend ing into the joints between the adjacent transverse rows, the plane in which the reinforcing metal lies being the same as the plane of the joints into which it extends, and mortar filling the said joints and embedding the metal therein.

10. Concrete sewer construction, comprising invert sections arranged endwise to gether and provided with reinforce rods projecting upwardly beyond the upper edges of said sections, side sections resting edgewise upon the upper edges of the invert sections and provided in their adjacent edges and outer sides with grooves receiving the upwardly projecting reinforce rods of the invert sections, cap sections between and resting on the upper ends of the side sections and provided with grooves in their meeting edges and outer sides registerin with the grooves of the side sections, are shaped rods occupying the registering grooves of the side and cap sections and secured at their lower ends to the upper ends of the reinforce rods of the invert sections,

the base member, said blocks being provided with grooves, which grooves are in alinement, reinforcing metal extending into said grooves and mortar embedding the metal in the grooves.

In testimony whereof, I hereunto aflix my signature in the presence of two witnesses.

WALTER C. PARMLEY. Witnesses:

E. A. MCDERMDTI, Common T. Punnr.

Copies 0! this patent may be obtained for in cents each, by addressing the commissioner of ratents,

Walhington, D. G."

It is hereby certified that in Letters Pul nf Nu. LII-2:,646, grrinted March 9, 1915, upon the application of Walter C. Parulie of Montclair, New Jereey, for an improvement in Concrete and Steel Conetruction, errors appear in the printed specification requiring correction as follows: Page 3, line 119, for the abbreviation and numerals Figs. 21 to 26" read Figs. 15 to 20; page 5, strike out lines 37 to 68; and that the said Letters Patent ehou .i he read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the ewe m the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 20th day of April, A I1, 1915.

HEAL J. T. NEWTON,

Acting C'mnmiuioner 0f Pgtonts. 

